What is the bivalent vaccine for neuroblastoma? 

The GD2/GD3 bivalent vaccine is a type of active immunotherapy that has been developed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre (MSK) in New York. It is being studied as a treatment option for children with neuroblastoma who are in remission, aiming to reduce the risk of the cancer coming back, or relapsing. 

The vaccine is designed to target two substances, called GD2 and GD3, which are found on the surface of most neuroblastoma cells. 

In contrast to anti‑GD2 antibody immunotherapy given during frontline treatment, this vaccine aims to help the body produce its own immune response, rather than providing antibodies directly. 

How does the bivalent vaccine work? 

The vaccine introduces GD2 and GD3 antigens to the immune system. This encourages the body to make antibodies against these targets. 

The aim is that, if neuroblastoma cells reappear, the immune system may be better able to recognise and respond to them. This approach is intended to help maintain remission, rather than treat active disease. 

When is the bivalent vaccine used? 

The GD2/GD3 bivalent vaccine has been studied in children who: 

• Have completed frontline or relapse treatment for neuroblastoma 
• Are in remission at the time the vaccine is given 

It is often referred to as a maintenance or relapse‑prevention approach, because it is given after standard treatment has finished, with the aim to prevent the cancer returning. 

What do we know from research so far? 

The bivalent vaccine has been studied in early‑phase and single‑centre clinical trials at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York. 

Research to date suggests that the vaccine can trigger an immune response against GD2 and GD3. However, it is important to know that: 

• The vaccine is still considered experimental. 
• Larger clinical trials are needed to better understand how effective it is at preventing relapse. 
• There is uncertainty about which children may benefit most. 

Ongoing research aims to answer these questions. 

How can the bivalent vaccine be accessed? 

At present, the GD2/GD3 bivalent vaccine is available only through clinical trials at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York. These trials can be accessed on a private basis, meaning families have to pay for the treatment and associated costs. 

Eligibility criteria and trial availability can change over time. Up‑to‑date information about current trials can be found on clinicaltrials.gov. 

For more information on accessing treatments outside of the NHS, and fundraising for treatment, visit the webpages below. 

How can I fundraise for treatment not available through the NHS? 

How can I get support to access treatment not available on the NHS? 

If you have questions about whether the bivalent vaccine or other maintenance therapies are relevant for your child, or about accessing treatment after standard NHS care, please discuss this with your child's clinical team in the first instance.

Page last updated: July 28, 2026